
*** Populism and Political Violence: Assessing the Role of Grievances, Distrust of Political Institutiosn, Social Change threat, and Political Liberalism ***
*** James A. Piazza, Penn State
*** Political Research Quarterly
** August 2023



*** Use file: Populism and Political Violence, Piazza, PRQ Data File.dta




**** FIGURE 1, Frequency Distribution of Political Violence (DV)
histogram all_pv if complete2==1 & timing_1==1, frequency normal gap(10)



***** FIGURE 2, Frequency Table of individual components of PV index
tab polviol_1 if complete2==1 & timing_1==1
tab polviol_2 if complete2==1 & timing_1==1
tab polviol_3 if complete2==1 & timing_1==1
tab polviol_4 if complete2==1 & timing_1==1
tab polviol_5 if complete2==1 & timing_1==1
tab polviol_6 if complete2==1 & timing_1==1



******* APPENDIX Table 2.  Responses to Component Questions, Populist attitudes
tab populism_1 if complete2==1 & timing_1==1
tab populism_2 if complete2==1 & timing_1==1
tab populism_3 if complete2==1 & timing_1==1
tab populism_4 if complete2==1 & timing_1==1
tab populism_5 if complete2==1 & timing_1==1
tab populism_6 if complete2==1 & timing_1==1
tab populism_7 if complete2==1 & timing_1==1
tab populism_8 if complete2==1 & timing_1==1




********* Correlation matrix for populist questions

pwcorr populism_1 populism_2 populism_3 populism_4 populism_5 populism_6 populism_7 populism_8 if complete2==1 & timing_1==1



***** Appendix Table, Descriptive Statistics

gen sample=1
replace sample=0 if populist==.
replace sample=0 if age_n==.
replace sample=0 if male==.
replace sample=0 if income==.
replace sample=0 if education_n==.
replace sample=0 if white==.
replace sample=0 if black==.
replace sample=0 if latino==.
replace sample=0 if asian_pac==.
replace sample=0 if native_am==.
replace sample=0 if christian==.
replace sample=0 if born_again==.
replace sample=0 if dem_1==.
replace sample=0 if gop_1==.
replace sample=0 if pol_engaged==.
replace sample=0 if news_frequency==.
replace sample=0 if rely_socialmedia==.
replace sample=0 if rw_media==.
replace sample=0 if trait_aggress==.
replace sample=0 if midwest==.
replace sample=0 if south==.
replace sample=0 if west==.


sum all_pv populist worse_off institutional_mistrust social_change_threat strong_man age_n male income education_n white black latino asian_pac native_am christian born_again dem_1 gop_1 pol_engaged news_frequency rely_socialmedia rw_media trait_aggress midwest south west if complete2==1 & timing_1==1 & sample==1




***** Figure 3, Populism nad Support for Political Violence, Coefficient Plot
* Coefplot Figure

reg all_pv populist age_n male income education_n white black latino asian_pac native_am christian born_again dem_1 gop_1 pol_engaged news_frequency rely_socialmedia rw_media trait_aggress midwest south west if complete2==1 & timing_1==1
coefplot, drop(_cons) xline(0) msymbol(s) mfcolor(white)    ///
levels(99.9 99 95) legend(order(1 "99.9" 2 "99" 3 "95") rows(1))




***** Appendix Table, Tabled Results of Tests, Populism and Support for Political Violence


* 1 reg 
reg all_pv populist age_n male income education_n white black latino asian_pac native_am christian born_again dem_1 gop_1 pol_engaged news_frequency rely_socialmedia rw_media trait_aggress midwest south west if complete2==1 & timing_1==1
outreg2 using "C:\Users\jap45\OneDrive - The Pennsylvania State University\Box Migration Data\jpiazza - H-drive\Research\Populism and Political Violence/populism_1", dec(3) alpha(0.001, 0.01, 0.1) excel replace

* ologit
ologit all_pv populist age_n male income education_n white black latino asian_pac native_am christian born_again dem_1 gop_1 pol_engaged news_frequency rely_socialmedia rw_media trait_aggress midwest south west if complete2==1 & timing_1==1
outreg2 using "C:\Users\jap45\OneDrive - The Pennsylvania State University\Box Migration Data\jpiazza - H-drive\Research\Populism and Political Violence/populism_2", dec(3) alpha(0.001, 0.01, 0.1) excel replace




***** Appendix Table, Individual Measures of Populism

* 
reg all_pv populism_1 age_n male income education_n white black latino asian_pac native_am christian born_again dem_1 gop_1 pol_engaged news_frequency rely_socialmedia rw_media trait_aggress midwest south west if complete2==1 & timing_1==1
outreg2 using "C:\Users\jap45\OneDrive - The Pennsylvania State University\Box Migration Data\jpiazza - H-drive\Research\Populism and Political Violence/append", dec(3) alpha(0.001, 0.01, 0.1) excel replace

reg all_pv populism_2 age_n male income education_n white black latino asian_pac native_am christian born_again dem_1 gop_1 pol_engaged news_frequency rely_socialmedia rw_media trait_aggress midwest south west if complete2==1 & timing_1==1
outreg2 using "C:\Users\jap45\OneDrive - The Pennsylvania State University\Box Migration Data\jpiazza - H-drive\Research\Populism and Political Violence/append", dec(3) alpha(0.001, 0.01, 0.1) excel replace

reg all_pv populism_3 age_n male income education_n white black latino asian_pac native_am christian born_again dem_1 gop_1 pol_engaged news_frequency rely_socialmedia rw_media trait_aggress midwest south west if complete2==1 & timing_1==1
outreg2 using "C:\Users\jap45\OneDrive - The Pennsylvania State University\Box Migration Data\jpiazza - H-drive\Research\Populism and Political Violence/append", dec(3) alpha(0.001, 0.01, 0.1) excel replace

reg all_pv populism_4 age_n male income education_n white black latino asian_pac native_am christian born_again dem_1 gop_1 pol_engaged news_frequency rely_socialmedia rw_media trait_aggress midwest south west if complete2==1 & timing_1==1
outreg2 using "C:\Users\jap45\OneDrive - The Pennsylvania State University\Box Migration Data\jpiazza - H-drive\Research\Populism and Political Violence/append", dec(3) alpha(0.001, 0.01, 0.1) excel replace

reg all_pv populism_5 age_n male income education_n white black latino asian_pac native_am christian born_again dem_1 gop_1 pol_engaged news_frequency rely_socialmedia rw_media trait_aggress midwest south west if complete2==1 & timing_1==1
outreg2 using "C:\Users\jap45\OneDrive - The Pennsylvania State University\Box Migration Data\jpiazza - H-drive\Research\Populism and Political Violence/append", dec(3) alpha(0.001, 0.01, 0.1) excel replace

reg all_pv populism_6 age_n male income education_n white black latino asian_pac native_am christian born_again dem_1 gop_1 pol_engaged news_frequency rely_socialmedia rw_media trait_aggress midwest south west if complete2==1 & timing_1==1
outreg2 using "C:\Users\jap45\OneDrive - The Pennsylvania State University\Box Migration Data\jpiazza - H-drive\Research\Populism and Political Violence/append", dec(3) alpha(0.001, 0.01, 0.1) excel replace

reg all_pv populism_7 age_n male income education_n white black latino asian_pac native_am christian born_again dem_1 gop_1 pol_engaged news_frequency rely_socialmedia rw_media trait_aggress midwest south west if complete2==1 & timing_1==1
outreg2 using "C:\Users\jap45\OneDrive - The Pennsylvania State University\Box Migration Data\jpiazza - H-drive\Research\Populism and Political Violence/append", dec(3) alpha(0.001, 0.01, 0.1) excel replace

reg all_pv populism_8 age_n male income education_n white black latino asian_pac native_am christian born_again dem_1 gop_1 pol_engaged news_frequency rely_socialmedia rw_media trait_aggress midwest south west if complete2==1 & timing_1==1
outreg2 using "C:\Users\jap45\OneDrive - The Pennsylvania State University\Box Migration Data\jpiazza - H-drive\Research\Populism and Political Violence/append", dec(3) alpha(0.001, 0.01, 0.1) excel replace



***** Appendix Table, Individual Measures of Political Violence

reg polviol_1 populist age_n male income education_n white black latino asian_pac native_am christian born_again dem_1 gop_1 pol_engaged news_frequency rely_socialmedia rw_media trait_aggress midwest south west if complete2==1 & timing_1==1
outreg2 using "C:\Users\jap45\OneDrive - The Pennsylvania State University\Box Migration Data\jpiazza - H-drive\Research\Populism and Political Violence/append", dec(3) alpha(0.001, 0.01, 0.1) excel replace
reg polviol_2 populist age_n male income education_n white black latino asian_pac native_am christian born_again dem_1 gop_1 pol_engaged news_frequency rely_socialmedia rw_media trait_aggress midwest south west if complete2==1 & timing_1==1
outreg2 using "C:\Users\jap45\OneDrive - The Pennsylvania State University\Box Migration Data\jpiazza - H-drive\Research\Populism and Political Violence/append", dec(3) alpha(0.001, 0.01, 0.1) excel replace
reg polviol_3 populist age_n male income education_n white black latino asian_pac native_am christian born_again dem_1 gop_1 pol_engaged news_frequency rely_socialmedia rw_media trait_aggress midwest south west if complete2==1 & timing_1==1
outreg2 using "C:\Users\jap45\OneDrive - The Pennsylvania State University\Box Migration Data\jpiazza - H-drive\Research\Populism and Political Violence/append", dec(3) alpha(0.001, 0.01, 0.1) excel replace
reg polviol_4 populist age_n male income education_n white black latino asian_pac native_am christian born_again dem_1 gop_1 pol_engaged news_frequency rely_socialmedia rw_media trait_aggress midwest south west if complete2==1 & timing_1==1
outreg2 using "C:\Users\jap45\OneDrive - The Pennsylvania State University\Box Migration Data\jpiazza - H-drive\Research\Populism and Political Violence/append", dec(3) alpha(0.001, 0.01, 0.1) excel replace
reg polviol_5 populist age_n male income education_n white black latino asian_pac native_am christian born_again dem_1 gop_1 pol_engaged news_frequency rely_socialmedia rw_media trait_aggress midwest south west if complete2==1 & timing_1==1
outreg2 using "C:\Users\jap45\OneDrive - The Pennsylvania State University\Box Migration Data\jpiazza - H-drive\Research\Populism and Political Violence/append", dec(3) alpha(0.001, 0.01, 0.1) excel replace
reg polviol_6 populist age_n male income education_n white black latino asian_pac native_am christian born_again dem_1 gop_1 pol_engaged news_frequency rely_socialmedia rw_media trait_aggress midwest south west if complete2==1 & timing_1==1
outreg2 using "C:\Users\jap45\OneDrive - The Pennsylvania State University\Box Migration Data\jpiazza - H-drive\Research\Populism and Political Violence/append", dec(3) alpha(0.001, 0.01, 0.1) excel replace


******* Addressing partisan breakdown (examining only and excluding).

reg all_pv populist age_n male income education_n white black latino asian_pac native_am christian born_again dem_1 gop_1 pol_engaged news_frequency rely_socialmedia rw_media trait_aggress midwest south west if complete2==1 & timing_1==1 & gop_1==0

reg all_pv populist age_n male income education_n white black latino asian_pac native_am christian born_again dem_1 gop_1 pol_engaged news_frequency rely_socialmedia rw_media trait_aggress midwest south west if complete2==1 & timing_1==1 & dem_1==0

reg all_pv populist age_n male income education_n white black latino asian_pac native_am christian born_again dem_1 gop_1 pol_engaged news_frequency rely_socialmedia rw_media trait_aggress midwest south west if complete2==1 & timing_1==1 & independent_1==0

reg all_pv populist age_n male income education_n white black latino asian_pac native_am christian born_again dem_1 gop_1 pol_engaged news_frequency rely_socialmedia rw_media trait_aggress midwest south west if complete2==1 & timing_1==1 & gop_1==1

reg all_pv populist age_n male income education_n white black latino asian_pac native_am christian born_again dem_1 gop_1 pol_engaged news_frequency rely_socialmedia rw_media trait_aggress midwest south west if complete2==1 & timing_1==1 & dem_1==1

reg all_pv populist age_n male income education_n white black latino asian_pac native_am christian born_again dem_1 gop_1 pol_engaged news_frequency rely_socialmedia rw_media trait_aggress midwest south west if complete2==1 & timing_1==1 & independent_1==1





***** Figure 4, Populism and Support for Political Violence, Marginal Effects Simulations
* Marginal effects figure
reg all_pv populist age_n male income education_n white black latino asian_pac native_am christian born_again dem_1 gop_1 pol_engaged news_frequency rely_socialmedia rw_media trait_aggress midwest south west if complete2==1 & timing_1==1
margins, at(populist=(8(1)32))  vsquish
marginsplot, x(populist) recast(line) 





***** Populism, Summary of Mediation Tests
*** Mediation Analysis

gen social_change_threat= demog_change_threat+disrim_2
label variable social_change_threat "demog_change_threat + disrim_2"

sem (worse_off <- populist) (institutional_mistrust <- populist) (social_change_threat <- populist) (strong_man <- populist) (all_pv <- worse_off institutional_mistrust social_change_threat strong_man populist age_n male income education_n white black latino asian_pac native_am christian born_again dem_1 gop_1 pol_engaged news_frequency rely_socialmedia rw_media trait_aggress midwest south west) if complete2==1 & timing_1==1, vce(bootstrap, reps(1000))
estat teffects


pwcorr worse_off institutional_mistrust social_change_threat strong_man if complete2==1 & timing_1==1, sig








****** Figures 3 and 4, rescaled 0 to 1



 
gen all_pv_scaled= (all_pv - 6)/(24-6)
sum all_pv_scaled
tab all_pv_scaled

gen populist_scaled=(populist-8)/(32-8)
sum populist_scaled
tab populist_scaled




gen POP_scale=(populist-8)/(32-8)
label variable POP_scale "Populism"

gen AGE_scale=(age_n-18)/(96-18)
label variable AGE_scale "Age"

gen INCOME_scale=(income-1)/(25-1)
label variable INCOME_scale "Income"

gen EDU_scale = (education_n-1)/(8-1)
label variable EDU_scale "Education"

gen MEDIAFREQ_scale=(news_frequency-1)/(7-1)
label variable MEDIAFREQ_scale "Follows News"

gen AGGRESS_scale=(trait_aggress-4)/(20-4)
label variable AGGRESS_scale "Aggression"

gen BORNAGAIN_scale=(BORNAGAIN_-1)/(2-1)
label variable BORNAGAIN_scale "Born Again/Evangelical"


reg all_pv_scaled POP_scale AGE_scale MALE_ INCOME_scale EDU_scale WHITE_ BLACK_ LATINO_ ASIAPAC_ NATIVE_ CHRIST_ BORNAGAIN_scale GOP_ DEM_ MEDIAFREQ_scale SOCIAL_ FOXNEWS_ AGGRESS_scale MIDWEST SOUTH WEST if complete2==1 & timing_1==1
coefplot, drop(_cons) xline(0) msymbol(s) mfcolor(white)    ///
levels(99.9 99 95) legend(order(1 "99.9" 2 "99" 3 "95") rows(1))
 
reg all_pv_scaled populist_scaled age_n male income education_n white black latino asian_pac native_am christian born_again dem_1 gop_1 pol_engaged news_frequency rely_socialmedia rw_media trait_aggress midwest south west if complete2==1 & timing_1==1
margins, at(populist_scaled=(0(.01)1))  vsquish
marginsplot, x(populist_scaled) recast(line) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
**** END **********************************************************************************************************************************************


